Essential guides
Azoospermia: diagnosis, causes and treatment options
Understand azoospermia, diagnostic assessment, genetic tests, Micro-TESE and ROSI, with a practical guide to discussing fertility options.
Read the guide ↗Information, research and individual care
Azoospermia Guides
Start with your question. Find practical guides to understanding your diagnosis, exploring options and preparing for a consultation.
37 guides
Essential guides
Azoospermia causes and diagnostic assessment
How are obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia distinguished? Explore semen testing, clinical assessment and individually selected investigations.
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Essential guides
What is Micro-TESE and when is it considered?
Learn about microscope-assisted sperm retrieval, assessment before Micro-TESE, its relationship with ICSI and questions to discuss before surgery.
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Essential guides
What if no sperm are found after Micro-TESE?
Reviewing a negative Micro-TESE result: previous reports, decisions about repeat surgery and questions about further assessment and ROSI.
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Essential guides
What is ROSI in azoospermia?
Understand round spermatid injection, how ROSI differs from ICSI, patient selection and limitations in evidence on effectiveness and safety.
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Essential guides
Why are genetic investigations important in azoospermia?
Explore the roles of karyotyping, Y-chromosome microdeletion testing, selected CFTR testing and genetic counselling in azoospermia assessment.
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Essential guides
A roadmap from azoospermia diagnosis to IVF planning
Prepare for azoospermia consultations: report collection, assessment of both partners, team coordination and practical questions about IVF planning.
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Developments in research
New developments in azoospermia: where does research stand?
A patient guide to azoospermia research in 2024–2026: AI sperm searches, genetic testing, tissue transplantation, stem cells and ROSI cell identification.
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Developments in research
Can AI help find sperm? Understanding STAR technology
What does STAR do in azoospermia? Understand AI-assisted rare sperm searches, the meaning of reported results and questions for a consultation.
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Developments in research
New genetic tests in azoospermia: can sperm retrieval be predicted?
What a 2025 genetic study means for azoospermia: extended gene panels, Micro-TESE decisions, uncertain findings and genetic counselling.
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Developments in research
Sperm production from frozen testicular tissue: a new research direction
The 2026 report on transplantation of tissue frozen in childhood: who it concerns, what was observed and questions that remain open.
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Developments in research
Stem cells for azoospermia: what do the studies tell us?
Understanding azoospermia stem-cell research: the 2024 Phase I human study, its limits and questions to ask about an experimental procedure.
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Developments in research
ROSI and AI: new developments in reproductive cell selection
AI-assisted round spermatid identification for ROSI: what the 2025–2026 publication studied and how cell selection differs from clinical outcomes.
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Understanding the diagnosis
Obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia: what is the difference?
Understand the two main azoospermia categories, how specialists investigate them and how to prepare for a couple-focused consultation.
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Understanding the diagnosis
No sperm seen on a semen test: how is the diagnosis confirmed?
A patient guide to repeat semen testing, examination of the centrifuged pellet and preparation after a zero-sperm result.
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Understanding the diagnosis
Azoospermia and cryptozoospermia: why the distinction matters
Understand rare sperm found after a detailed laboratory search, repeat samples and questions about freezing and IVF planning.
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Understanding the diagnosis
FSH, LH and testosterone in azoospermia: reading the results together
What hormone tests investigate, why one number cannot predict sperm retrieval and what information to bring to consultation.
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Understanding the diagnosis
AMH testing in men: can it inform sperm retrieval counselling?
Understand the 2025 azoospermia study first-authored by Prof. Dr. Mehmet Çolakoğlu and the limits of using AMH before Micro-TESE.
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Understanding the diagnosis
Semen is present, but no sperm are found: what does that mean?
Semen and sperm are different. Understand normal-looking ejaculation, azoospermia and low-volume samples without judging appearance.
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Procedures and next steps
TESA, PESA, TESE and Micro-TESE: what is the difference?
Understand where sperm are collected, why diagnosis determines the method, and how retrieval connects with ICSI.
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Procedures and next steps
Preparing for a Micro-TESE consultation and procedure
A practical checklist covering previous reports, surgical assessment, laboratory coordination and individual preparation instructions.
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Procedures and next steps
Recovery after Micro-TESE: returning to everyday life
Understand postoperative instructions, warning symptoms, follow-up and the difference between wound healing and laboratory results.
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Procedures and next steps
Freezing retrieved sperm for a later IVF treatment
What cryopreservation can offer, why thawing matters and which storage questions to discuss before surgical sperm retrieval.
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Procedures and next steps
Sperm have been found: what happens next with ICSI?
Follow the path from a laboratory sperm finding to egg collection, microinjection, embryo development and an individual transfer plan.
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Procedures and next steps
Understanding a testicular pathology report after sperm retrieval
What Sertoli-cell-only, maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis mean, and why a pathology label cannot decide the next step alone.
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Specific conditions
Hormone deficiency and azoospermia: assessment and options
Understand hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the purpose of hormone investigations and how fertility goals influence treatment planning.
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Specific conditions
Varicocele and azoospermia: weighing up an operation
A varicocele does not automatically explain azoospermia or require surgery. Understand clinical findings, uncertain benefits and timing.
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Specific conditions
Klinefelter syndrome and having children: understanding the options
Explore how a 47,XXY result, sperm assessment, genetic counselling and the couple’s IVF plan fit together.
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Specific conditions
Y-chromosome microdeletions: understanding AZFa, AZFb and AZFc
Learn why the precise genetic finding matters for sperm production, surgical decisions and reproductive counselling.
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Specific conditions
Congenital absence of the vas deferens and CFTR testing
Understand sperm transport, the purpose of CFTR investigations and why genetic counselling may involve both partners.
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Specific conditions
Testosterone, anabolic steroids and sperm production
Understand how external androgens can affect fertility, which information helps assessment and why planning needs specialist supervision.
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Consultation and planning
A second opinion after unsuccessful azoospermia treatment
Prepare for a second opinion by bringing together surgical, laboratory, genetic and IVF records.
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Consultation and planning
Why both partners are assessed when azoospermia is diagnosed
Understand how the female partner’s age, ovarian reserve and health fit into an individual azoospermia and IVF plan.
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Consultation and planning
How long does azoospermia assessment and treatment planning take?
Understand the stages that shape an individual timetable, from confirming the diagnosis to coordinated IVF planning.
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Consultation and planning
What determines the cost of azoospermia assessment and treatment?
Understand the components of an individual budget without assuming that every person needs the same tests or procedures.
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Consultation and planning
Preparing for your first azoospermia consultation
A practical guide to records, questions and appointment arrangements, without uploading medical documents to the contact form.
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Consultation and planning
Planning an azoospermia consultation in Turkey from abroad
Prepare records and questions, confirm the consultation location and arrange travel only after the team clarifies the proposed steps.
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Consultation and Contact Form
Use this form to request an appointment, arrange an initial consultation or ask a general question. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Çolakoğlu’s team will contact you.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Çolakoğlu